June 2010

Here we are, June 4th, again. The first thing to say, to Chinese readers, is that we will not forget those who died on the night of June 3rd, 1989 … and nor do we apologise for keep bringing it up. On Danwei I’ve written a piece comparing the class of ’89 with the class of 2010 in Peking University, if you’re curious – but that’s not the meat of this post.

This is an essay I wrote for my Chinese language school in Beijing, IUP, as my end-of-term exam. My teacher and I had been looking at Chen Duxiu‘s essays in the early [20th] century magazine New Youth. Here I look at one essay in particular, in which Chen appeals to China’s youth to stand up, and tie it briefly to both the May 4th movement and 1989 demonstrations. I thought I’d publish it here – feel free to pick holes in my Chinese!

•

1915年9月15日在《新青年》杂志创刊词，陈独秀写道:

“青年如初春，如朝日，如百卉之萌动，如利刃之新发于硎，人生最可贵之时期也。”

陈先生，不敢当。我尽量珍惜这个宝贵的时期，趁我刀这么尖锐的时候来分析分析您所写的内容，趁我朝日这么明亮的时候来了解您所讲的意义。

首先，我错了：当年该杂志还称为《青年杂志》，1916年由于跟其他杂志同名改为《新青年》。但愿改变青年的本质象改变杂志的名字那么简单。陈独秀所追求的理想恰恰是这样的一个新时代的年轻人 － 一个愿意奋斗和打破旧思想的时代。在上述的创刊文章《警告青年》里，他把反对孔教、礼法、贞节、甚至国粹的青年比喻为“新鲜活泼细胞之在人身”，把支持旧伦理、旧政治的老年人比喻为腐烂细胞。 在社会所谓的“新陈代谢”里，他接着说，这些“陈腐朽败者无时不在天然淘汰之途，与新鲜活泼者以空间之位置及时间之生命。”然而这个“天然”的过程好像也要多少人工的帮助：陈先生呼吁青年来“力排陈腐朽败者以去”。如果他们“利刃断铁，快刀理麻，决不作牵就依违之想，”那么“社会庶几其有清宁之日也”。

这个清宁的日子到底到了没有？

1919年5月4号一些大学生（北大学生带了头）集合在天安门广场上。原因在于中国政府对凡尔赛和约的软弱反应，结果当时的政府失去了所有的信用。这一天就是五四运动的高潮，而不失为对现代中国有深刻影响的一天 － 中国的青年站起来了。通过三十年的混乱和内战，陈独秀所力求的清宁日子可能到来了：1949年10月1号。但是陈先生享受不了这一天，因为首先他1942年去世了，其次他1929和他以前强烈支持的公产党分道扬镳（从《告全党同志书》 这篇文章可以看出来他的不满）。

假如陈先生1949年还活着，我认为他依旧不会相信这一天到了。因为在《警告青年》里他抱着颇悲观的态度：虽然这些青年看起来很强，但是“及叩其头脑中所涉想，所怀抱，无一不与彼陈腐朽败者为一丘之貉”。更有甚者，他对自己的寻找， 自己的呼吁，没有自信： “求些少之新鲜活泼者，以慰吾人窒息之绝望，亦杳不可得”。然而不仅仅是1919年的事情证明他错了。。。。。。

1989年5月4号一些大学生（北大学生又带了头）又集合在天安门广场上。这次是为了纪念胡耀邦，而迅速变成大规模的政治运动了，结果据保守统计二百多位学生六月三号晚上被杀死了。这些年轻人象七十年之前的一样都反对“充塞社会之空气”的分子，但是差异是稍微矛盾的：这次他们反对的人偏偏是以前反对旧思想的共产党。

陈独秀向读者问：“吾国之社会，其隆盛耶？抑将亡耶？”他的意见好像是后者。我向读者说：别理他。虽然中国即使到当下也有许多毛病，但是没有一个毛病算是绝症。为了“救此病”，陈先生接着写，社会只要“一二敏于自觉，敢于奋斗之青年”。他所说的“病”不是现代社会的病，但是疗救的药方还是一样的：新青年。

•

On September 15th, 1915, in the opening essay of New Youth magazine, Chen Duxiu writes:

“Youth are like the early spring, like the morning sun, like the blooming grass, like the sharp blade fresh off the grinding stone; youth is the most valuable time of life.”

Mr Chen, you’re too kind. I’ll do my best to treasure this valuable time – to use the opportunity when my blade is at its sharpest, when my sun is at its brightest, to analyse and shed light on what you write.

First off, I was wrong: in 1915 the magazine was still called Youth. It changed its name to New Youth in 1916, due to another magazine having the same name. If only changing the nature of youth was as easy as changing a magazine name. For what Chen Duxiu was striving for was precisely a new generation of young people – a generation willing to struggle and break down the old modes of thought. In the essay I mention above, ‘Advice [literally warning] for youth,’ Chen’s metaphor for the youth who oppose Confucian teachings, concepts of ritual, chastity, even the very ‘essence of China’, is “fresh, vigourous cells inside the human body”, and he compares old people who support the old theories and politics to rotten cells.

In this so-called ‘metabolism’ of society, he continues, these “rotten, corrupted cells at all times, by the process of natural selection, give space to stand and time to live in to the fresh, vigourous cells”. However this “natural” process, it seems, still needs a little human help: Chen appeals to the youth to “vigourously drive out those rotten, corrupted cells”. If “their blade is sharp enough to cut iron and hemp, [and they] don’t follow other’s lead or hesitate in thought”, then “maybe society will arrive at a peaceful day”.

Did society arrive at this peaceful day after all?

On May 4th, 1919, students (led by Beida students) gathered on Tiananmen square. The reason: the Chinese government’s weak reaction to the Versailles treaty. The result: the government of the time lost all credibility. That day was the ‘high tide’ of the May Fourth movement, a day with a deep impact on China – China’s youth had stood up. Thirty years of chaos and civil war later, the day Chen Duxiu strove for had (maybe) arrived: 1st October, 1949. But Chen couldn’t enjoy that day: for one, he died in 1942, but he had also split paths in 1929 with the Communist Party he formerly supported so strongly (we can see his discontent in this essay).

Supposing Mr Chen was still alive in 1949, I think he still wouldn’t have believed the day he sought had arrived. Because his attitude in ‘Advice to youth’ was rather pessimistic: even if the youth seem to be strong, if you “knock on their heads to see what they think and believe in, there’s not one who isn’t of the same ilk as those rotten, corrupted cells”. Even more so, he had no belief in his own search, his own appeal: “to find a few fresh, vigourous cells, to ease the blocked airway of my despair, is so distant [a prospect] as to be unnattainable”. However it wasn’t just the events of 1919 that proved him wrong …

On May 4th, 1989, students (once more led by Beida students) again gathered on Tiananmen square. This time, the reason was to commemorate Hu Yaobang, but it swiftly turned into a large-scale political movement. The result: according to conservative estimates, more than two hundred students were killed on the night of June 3rd. These young people, just like those of seventy years ago, were opposing the ‘elements’ that were “blocking the airway of society”, but the difference is rather paradoxical: this time, they were opposing the very Communist Party who before had opposed old modes of thought.

Chen Duxiu asks the reader: “The society of my country, will it prosper? Or is it doomed?” His opinion seems to be the latter. I say to the reader: don’t mind him. Although China, even today, still has many problems, none of them are incurable. To “cure this disease”, Chen writes, society must have “one or two youths sensitive enough to realise their potential, and brave enough to struggle”. The “disease” he talks of isn’t the disease of today’s society, but the prescription is just the same: new youth.*

___

* It’s rather weird, and bloody awkward, to translate something you’ve written yourself into your mother tongue. I’ve taken liberties, but hope the original author won’t mind.